Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP allocates production based on location of ownership.
GNP = GDP + NR (Net income inflow from assets abroad or Net Income Receipts) - NP (Net payment outflow to foreign assets)
If a Japanese multinational produces cars in the UK. This production will be counted towards UK GDP. However, if the Japanese firm sends £50m in profits back to shareholders in Japan. Then this outflow of profit is subtracted from GNP. UK nationals don’t benefit from this profit.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was created by Indian economist Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. It can be used to question national policy choices. However, the HDI does not reflect on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc.
The assessment of gross national happiness (GNH) was designed in an attempt to define an indicator and concept that measures quality of life or social progress in more holistic and psychological terms than only the economic indicator of GDP.
GNH has only been officially used in Bhutan, where a Gross National Happiness Commission is charged with reviewing policy decisions and allocation of resources.
The concept of GNH consists of four pillars: fair socio-economic development (better education and health), conservation and promotion of a vibrant culture, environmental protection and good governance.
GDP is generally defined as the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory.
GDP = C + G + I + NX
where:
C is equal to all private consumption, or consumer spending, in a nation's economy.
G is the sum of government spending.
I is the sum of all the country's businesses spending on capital.
NX is the nation's total net exports, calculated as total exports minus total imports. (NX = Exports - Imports)
To summarize, GDP is like a price tag on a country's output, and it measures the size of the economy.
GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country, as well as to measure a country's standard of living. Despite being a broad measure, there are several things that GDP does not measure that are essential for both the economy and society. Basically, in order for something to be included in GDP, it has to be something that is actually produced. It has to be something that isn't used to produce something else. It has to be produced here and not somewhere else, and it also has to be legal.
Thank you to librarian Uma Manikantan's Business Guide, Tanglin Trust School, Singapore