Council of Science Editors CSE Citation-Sequence Documentation
In-text references
In CSE style, as adapted for Concordian International School, the numbers appear [bracketed] and before punctuation marks like commas or periods.
Traumatic life events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are endemic among American civilians [1].
In the citation-sequence system, sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the paper is [1], the second [2] and so on. When possible, put numbers immediately after the relevant word or phrase rather than at the end of a sentence.
If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen.
For the non-dimorphic polistines such as Polistes, Ropalidia and others, the long-standing view is that differences in the quantity of nourishment received during the larval stage act as a "nutritional switch" to bias development toward one caste or the other [7,8,11-14].
Once you have assigned a source a number, use that same number every time you cite it.
Once associated with an insect, some isolates of Pectobacterium carotovorum can infect and persist in D. melanogaster and activate an immune response [8,9]. The protein Evf (Erwinia virulence factor), present only in insect-associated strains, promotes the persistence of bacteria in the insect midgut. Evf synthesis is regulated by SlyA (Hor), which also regulates plant virulence genes [1,9].
When referring to tables and figures from outside sources if they are from sources you have used for other information, only cite it once and use the same number for the figure. Tables and Figures that you generate with your research should be labeled Table 1 or Figure 2, for example, below the table, with your description as close to the text where you refer to the table, Table 1.
Although CSE provides rules for how to quote or excerpt sources, in practice almost no scientists publishing in journals that use CSE documentation choose to quote sources. Instead, these authors paraphrase or simply cite authors. When you quote or excerpt a source, include an in-text reference to help your reader see what source you are quoting from.
Secondary citations refer to material that you have not seen in its original form but rather have obtained from another document that cited the original source. Secondary citations are not listed as a valid form of citation. Instead, find and cite the original source. If you cannot, in your text you will write something like "as discussed by Reuhl [4], Williams....." Here you are citing the work you read by Reuhl who is reviewing results from Williams, which you could not read.
In CSE style interviews and other forms of unpublished personal communication (such as emails, texts, letters) are not included in the Cited References list. Cite these in the text of your paper in parenthesis: Ex: "...text (K Fester, interview with author, 21 Apr 2016) continue text."
Format your Cited References
The goal of your reference list (Cited References) is to help your reader identify each numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.
The references are listed by the bracketed number order they were used.
Ex: 2012 Aug 14. [accessed 2012 Oct 19].
Adapted from The Writing Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Format your Cited References
The goal of your reference list (Cited References) is to help your reader identify each numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.
The references are listed by the bracketed number order they were used.
Ex: 2012 Aug 14. [accessed 2012 Oct 19].
Examples of Cited References from 2018 Scientific Style and Format Quick Guide
Personal communication
References to personal communication are placed in running text rather than as formal end references.
Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgment” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.
. . . and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see “Notes”) while a few were not.
Example of Chart (labeled Figure) from a source Notice [in-text citation] since this is a chart from research found
Example of using a Formula / Equation
Example of Table created by author Ex: When referred to in text: ...see table 1...
Example of Figure / Graph created by author Ex: When referred to in text: ...as seen in figure 8, ...
Example of Digital Image created by author Ex: When referred to in text: (see figure 7)
Example of Acknowledgement This can go in the introduction or at the end of the Extended Essay
Cite the following articles as end references:
| Academic Journals | A Review of the Medical Benefits and Contraindications to Breastfeeding in the United States |
| Website | American Phytopathological Society |
| Online Video | How Smart are the Animals? |
